VOIP News

VocalTec Communications Inc. (NASDAQ:VOCL), is an Israeli telecom equipment provider. The company was founded in 1989 by Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty, who invented and patented the first Voice over IP audio transceiver. VocalTec continues to be a leading VoIP company, with major customers such as Deutsche Telekom and Telecom Italia.

VocalTec released the first ever Internet VoIP program in February 1995. The company went public during 1996, and in 2005, completed a business combination with Tdsoft, a provider of VoIP gateways.

Today VocalTec specializes in providing carrier-class multimedia and voice-over-IP solutions for communication service providers. The company offers a wide portfolio of solutions enabling the flexible deployment of VoIP next generation networks.

References

• VocalTec official site

Links

• Packet8 VoIP Internet Phone Service Provider and Voice Over IP Packet8 offers VoIP Internet Phone Service and Voice Over IP Telephony phone systems.
• Home - Engin Australia's leading broadband phone company. Engin allows broadband users to make VoIP calls and save.
• Free VoIP Softphone for Windows, Pocket PC or Mac Download Download this free VoIP softphone for Windows, Pocket PC or Mac to make phone calls from your computer for free. Supports call recording, call conferencing
• VoIP Protocols Protocols for WAN, LAN, ATM data communications and telecommunications.
• VoIP Providers, News and Business Reports - VoIP Monitor Looking for the latest in VoIP? We've got the scoop on VoIP providers, services, products, news and business reports.
• Understanding VOIP If you are new to VOIP, here is a description of how this new technology works.

An ITSP (Internet Telephony Service Provider) offers an Internet data service for making telephone calls using VoIP (Voice over IP) technology. Most ITSPs use SIP, H.323, or IAX (although H.323 use is declining) for transmitting telephone calls as IP data packets. Customers may use traditional telephones with an analog telephony adapter (ATA) providing RJ11 to Ethernet connection.

In the United States, net2Phone began offering consumer VoIP service in 1995. Before 2003, many VoIP services required customers to make and receive phone calls through a personal computer on a LAN.

ITSPs are also known as VSP (Voice Service Provider) or simply VoIP Providers.

References

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See also

• VoIP
• SIP
• SIP trunking

Links

• VoIP - Internet Telephony Covering the latest news and featuring original articles on Voice over IP products and services. Features in-house product testing and reviews.
• Info on VOIP Solutions for Businesses An exclusive site on Voice internet protocol. Find out the basics of Voip, information on their services, solutions and other technical information.
• VoIP for Business 2007 - Welcome to the essential business Welcome to the essential business communications experience! VoIP'08 will take place at The National Hall, Olympia, London, 9-10 April 2008.
• What is Internet telephony? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Internet telephony products are sometimes called IP telephony, Voice over the Internet (VOI) or Voice over IP (VOIP) products.
• Understanding VOIP If you are new to VOIP, here is a description of how this new technology works.

The abbreviation TTI can refer to:

• Texas Transportation Institute, a department at Texas A&M University that researches the safety and efficiency of vehicles
  
• Transmission Time Interval, a parameter related to encapsulation of data from higher layers into frames for transmission
• Toyota Technological Institute, a university located in Nagoya, Japan
• TTI, Inc., a distributor of electronics components
• a type of martial arts belt worn with a Dobok
• TTI Team Telecom International, Ltd., an Operations Support Systems (OSS) vendor

Links

• Bezeq.co.il info, news, tools, and reviews about Bezeq from Domainiac TEL AVIV, Oct 28 - Bezeq Israel Telecom , the country's dominant phone company, said on Sunday its board approved a decision by Pelephone, its mobile unit,
• The Israeli Spy Ring Another Israeli telecom company is Comverse Infosys, which subcontracts the installation of the automatic tapping equipment now built into every phone
• ITU Telecom Asia 2004: Home Page The prospect of greater competition in the Israeli telecom markets is not something that Olenik believes will be a stumbling block in completing the
• identifying communities of practice knowledge management World Bank We found a private Israeli telecom company that was interested, Then the Israeli telecom company and the folks on my team came up with an idea that was
• Regulatory Reforms 18.00-18.45 Dr. David Levi-Faur, From the "Service-Provision State" to the "Regulatory State": The Dynamics of Change and Continuity in the Israeli Telecom
• Morningstar - Dow Jones & Company, Inc.: THE STOCKPICKERS THE STOCKPICKERS: Investment Manager Sees Bargains Among Israeli Telecom Stocks10-28-07 10:00 PM EDT | E-mail Article | Print Article

Viruslist.com is a computer security portal devoted to educating the general public about different aspects of Internet security and various threats existing in the Internet, such as computer malware, hackers and spammers.

The site is run by Kaspersky Labs

It is notable as the host of Virus Encyclopedia, a resource providing information about various types of computer malware (viruses, worms, trojans, backdoors, etc.)

External links

• Viruslist.com
• Kaspersky.com

Links

• IT Threats Social Engineering has become one of the biggest threats to the IT community as a whole. People, by default try to be helpful, especially those that work in
• ARRLWeb: Threats to Our Amateur Bands In his November 6, 2001 Memorandum, ARRL General Counsel, Chris Imlay, W3KD offers assistance in how to comment to the FCC in the spectrum threat posed by
• Israel steps up threats to invade Gaza Strip | International | Reuters JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Israel escalated its threats on Tuesday to invade the Hamas-run Gaza Strip in response to Palestinian rocket fire after a plan to
• death threats would never have *personally* crossed the line from "mean-spirited criticism" (the original goal of the two sites) to actual threats and harassment.
• Threats Wrapped in Misunderstandings - washingtonpost.com BAGHDAD, Dec. 6 — The Iraq Study Group's prescriptions hinge on a fragile Iraqi government's ability to achieve national reconciliation and security at a

The name “Cutlers’ Company” can refer to at least two trade associations:

• The Worshipful Company of Cutlers, in London, chartered 1416.
• The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire, in Sheffield, founded 1624.

Links

• VoIP Providers - VoIP Services - Broadband Phone Company Providers VoIP Providers - VoIP Services - Broadband Phone Company Providers - VoIP Review is committed to bring to you the best broadband phone company providers.
• Oz VoIP - Internet Telephony Hardware and Services in Australia Australias leading VoIP Solutions for Home, Business & Hospitality. Offering great prices and information on voip, hardware, modems, routers, switches,
• VoIP Forum VoIP Forum discussed hot VoIP topics, interesting VoIP news including Skype Vonage.
• VoIP Now - Business VoIP News & Information Weblog focusing on VoIP (Voice over IP).

Internet Party Line (or simply iParty) was one of the first Internet telephony and conference software for Microsoft Windows. It was made by Intel and released as an experimental prototype in 1995. It featured a push-to-talk method of sending audio, in which each received audio clip was played in order without mixing, regardless of multiple people talking simultaneously. In this way, it addressed the problem of how to have an understandable group conversation in the face of large Internet latencies or low bandwidth.

Similar applications like iParty include Microsoft NetMeeting and VocalTec Internet Phone. Today Most of these older conference applications have been replaced by VoIP applications such as Skype.

Sources

• Scott Hamilton, Janet Wilson, Andrew Grove’s Vision for the Internet, Computer, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 14-15, Apr., 1997

Links

• VoIP | Overview Making phone calls over the Internet could save you £££s on your bills. The equipment you need PLUS step-by-step how to set up an account.
• Technology News: VoIP Joining the line of telecom companies suing Vonage, AT&T on Wednesday filed a lawsuit against the VoIP provider in the U.S. District Court in Madison, Wis.,
• VoIP Industry News | Telephony Online Telephony Magazine’s voip One-Stop offers voip news & analysis, voip IP broadband info, voip industry and technology updates, voip telephony.

The Seal of the City of Mission Viejo, California was designed and drawn by Carl Glassford, an artist and former resident of Mission Viejo, California.

Links

• Space Cynics: So What IS Their Mission? The issue I want to dig into here is what IS the mission of NASA? The organisation has many different arms - from the most well known and dysfunctional
• About the GSB: Stanford GSB Our mission is to create ideas that deepen and advance our understanding of management and with those ideas to develop innovative, principled,
• Fox Chase's Mission Is Everyone's Mission at Fox Chase Cancer Center Fox Chase Cancer Center created the Mission Fund for donations unrelated to a specific project. These highly coveted funds are used for the most pressing
• IPM | International Partners in Mission | Home Shared Partnership where mission is a two-way street where we learn and receive more than we can International Partners in Mission. All Rights Reserved.
• PC(USA) - Witness Season - What Is Mission The Witness Season provides an area where the general overview of PC(USA) mission work.

East India Company was the name of several historical European companies chartered with the monopoly of trading with Asia; more specifically with India.

• British East India Company, founded in 1600
• Danish East India Company, founded in 1616
• Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602
• French East India Company, founded in 1664
• Swedish East India Company, founded in 1731
• Portuguese East India Company, founded in 1628

See also

• East India (disambiguation)
• West India Company
• East India Company, A real time strategy game developed by Nitro Games and published by Lighthouse Interactive.

Links

• Home - Engin Australia's leading broadband phone company. Engin allows broadband users to make VoIP calls and save.
• VoIP Providers, News and Business Reports - VoIP Monitor Looking for the latest in VoIP? We've got the scoop on VoIP providers, services, products, news and business reports.
• VoipStunt - The Other Free Calls Company Free phone calls with Voip Stunt. Call your online friends for free as well as a special selection of popular international destinations.

Karma Incorporated is a three issue comic book limited series about a team of misfits who are paid to cause trouble with the enemies of their employers. The series is written by David Hopkins, illustrated by Tom Kurzanski, colored by Marlena Hall, and published by Viper Comics. The first issue debuted at the San Diego Comic Con in July 2005, and was released on a monthly basis thereafter.

In Dallas, Karma Incorporated had a notable release party on July 26, 2005 at the Gypsy Tea Room in Deep Ellum, promoted by Zeus Comics, with the band Happy Bullets performing.

External links

• Karma Incorporated Site
• Viper Comics Site
• David Hopkins Official Site
• Tom Kurzanski Official Site
• Marlena Hall Official Site

Links

• VoIP Service - Voip Service Providers, Voip Phone, Internet Telephony VoIP Service - iCallglobe offers best Voip Services including Call Termination Service, voip phone service, internet telephony and voip telephony solutions.
• OnGuard Online - VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol — VoIP — is a new way to make and receive telephone calls using a broadband Internet connection rather than a regular phone
• The VoIP Weblog - Main page - Your idea of Voice over IP - voip FCC Says VoIP Carriers Must Offer Local Number Portability Title: FCC Says VoIP Carriers Must Offer Local Number Portability
• Free VOIP Solution Free calls Worldwide Voice over Internet Protocol lets you make free long-distance phone calls using your computer. voip solution for free voip calls predictive dialer.

The mobile station (MS) comprises all user equipment and software needed for communication with a Wireless telephone network.

MS refers to the Mobile Phone.i.e. the handset held by the users in the mobile network. This is the terminology of 2G systems,like, GSM. In the 3G systems, MS is now referred as User Equipment UE.

In GSM, the Mobile Station consists of four main components:

Mobile Terminal (MT) - offers common functions that are used by all the service the Mobile Station offers. It is equivalent to the network termination of an ISDN access and is also the end-point of the radio interface.

Terminal Equipment (TE) - is a peripheral device of the Mobile Station and offers services to the user. It does not contain any functions specific to GSM.

Terminal Adapter (TA) - hides radio-specific characteristics.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) - is a personalization of the Mobile Station and stores user specific parameters (such as mobile number, contacts etc).

See also

• Mobile Phone

Links

• 全球IP通信联盟(原全球VoIP联盟)-VoIP|下一代通信门户|VoIP论坛|VoIP 全球IP通信联盟(原全球VoIP联盟)-www.microvoip.com：中国IP通信门户网站， 业内最大、最具影响力的VoIP资讯平台。最多、最全面的VoIP技术资料；最新、最快的VoIP市场
• Cheap Calls using VoIP with Vonage UK - Broadband Phone Provider Vonage is a leading VoIP provider for consumers and business in the UK. We offer Broadband Phones services for making cheap local and international calls.
• VoipCheap | Free Calls from the UK Discount VoIP Calls from all over the world. Sign up for free and join the VoIP revolution!

For the norteño band, go to Los Rieleros del Norte.

Los Rieleros is the name of the official baseball team of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

External links

• Official site of Los Rieleros

Links

• LowrateVoip.com | Free Calls Free phone calls with the LowrateVoip. Call your online friends for free as well as a special selection of popular international destinations.
• My VoIP Provider - VoIP Services - My VoIP Provider - Compare, review and rank 175 Broadband Phone and PC to Phone VoIP services (Voice over IP). Free VoIP rate search engine and VoIP
• Inside IT: Trouble on the line | Technology | The Guardian VoIP customers around the world are discovering that their calls cannot be connected because telecom companies are blocking the movement of such traffic

Echolink is a computer program that runs under Microsoft Windows to allow radio amateurs to communicate with one another using Voice over IP (VoIP) technology on the internet for at least part of the path between them. It was designed by Jonathan Taylor, a radio amateur with callsign K1RFD.

The program allows reliable worldwide connections to be made between radio amateurs, greatly enhancing Amateur Radio’s communications capabilities. In essence it is the same as other VoIP applications (such as Skype), but with the unique addition of the ability to link to an amateur radio station’s transceiver.

Before using the system it is necessary for a prospective user’s callsign to be validated.

Uses

Radio amateurs using the Echolink software can operate it in one of two modes:

• Single User Mode. If they have an internet-connected computer, they can use the computer’s microphone and speakers to connect to (or through - see below) other Echolink-enabled computers over the internet and talk to the amateur at the other end.
• Sysop Mode. This entails connecting their own VHF or UHF transceiver to their internet-connected PC with a specially-designed hardware interface. Doing this enables another radio amateur with their own transceiver, who is within radio range of this station, to communicate with (or through) any other Echolink-equipped station anywhere in the world. This is the unique feature of Echolink.

Radio amateurs without the Echolink software or a computer connected to the internet can take advantage of the Echolink network if they are within radio range of a sysop mode Echolink station. It is also possible to link a sysop mode Echolink station to a local repeater, further enhancing the communication possibilities.

Echolink for other operating systems

Open source versions of the software are available for Macintosh (EchoMac) and Linux (echoLinux or SvxLink/Qtel), but at the present time (February 2007) they have limited features compared to the Windows version. At least when comparing the desktop applications.

If only the sysop mode is required, the SvxLink Server for Linux is a good alternative. It has features that go beyond the original software and its openness makes it quite easy to extend with new functionality.

EchoIRLP is a software add on for IRLP which enables an IRLP node to operate as a sysop mode Echolink station.

References

• The Echolink help file, from v 1.9.892 of the software

External links

• EchoLink Home
• CQiNet (EchoLink) Home
• SvxLink Home
• EchoIRLP
• W6DTW commentary and critique on EchoLink

See also

• Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)

Links

• VoipCheap | Free Calls from the UK Discount VoIP Calls from all over the world. Sign up for free and join the VoIP revolution!
• VoIP Singapore - The VoIP, Digium Hardware, IP PA System, Systems Incorporated in Singapore, Lantone Communications specializes in VoIP, Digium Hardware, IP PA System, SIP Servers, Systems Integration, Call Accounting
• Voip Choice - Home Free Australian VoIP guide with service provider price comparisons, explanations of VoIP technology for new users, VoIP store, news and more., Logging on to
• Locating Info On The Net For Voip Info on a few of the sites for voip now available on the internet, and how to find out more.
• VoipStunt - The Other Free Calls Company Free phone calls with Voip Stunt. Call your online friends for free as well as a special selection of popular international destinations.

H. Reuben Cohen, CC (born 1921 in Moncton, New Brunswick) is a Canadian businessman, lawyer, and the third Chancellor of Dalhousie University.

He is the founder of the Canadian trust company, Central Guaranty Trust Corporation. He published his autobiography, A time to tell: The public life of a private man, in 2002.

Honours

• In 1979 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada.
• In 1988 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Dalhousie University.
• In 1990 he was promoted to Officer of the Order of Canada.
• In 2001 he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada.

Links

• Welcome to the website of Cohen and Patricia Steed Click Here for Cohen's Web Log. Most links on this page will not return to this page This *is* a work in progress. This document was written by Cohen Steed.
• Scott Cohen S. Cohen and L. Guibas. The Earth Mover's Distance under Transformation Sets. Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision,
• the-BA : Foetal testosterone Current research by Baron-Cohen and Bonnie Auyeung at the same university shows a Baron-Cohen is following the development of children from 235 mothers,
• Amazon.com: Ladies and Gentlemen Mr. Leonard Cohen: DVD: Pierre Amazon.com: Ladies and Gentlemen Mr. Leonard Cohen: DVD: Pierre Berton (II),Earle Birney,Leonard Cohen,Robert Hirschhorn,Irving Layton,Derek May,Mort

Ole Wæver is a Professor of International Relations at the Institute for Political Science, University of Copenhagen. He has published and broadcast extensively in the field of international relations, and is one of the main architects of the so-called Copenhagen School in International Relations.

Prior to his professorate at University of Copenhagen, Ole Wæver was a senior research fellow at Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (1985-1999). His areas of research include:

• Theories of international relations
• The study of conflicts, what creates the conflict and how to mediate and resolve them
• Danish security and defence policy
• The history of concepts
• Security theory

Ole Wæver was a member of the Danish Government’s Commission on Security and Disarmament Affairs between 1993 and 1995 and the replacement of the institute, the Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI), between 1995 and 2002. He is a member of the editorial board for European Journal of International Affairs, Security Dialogue, International Studies Perspective and the Cambridge Review of International Affairs.

Ole Wæver is director of the Danish ph.d. school, Politologisk Forskerskole.

Ole Wæver has written several pieces together with Barry Buzan. These include the two books:

• Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press 2003.
• Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1998.

Links

• VoipDiscount | Free Calls and SMS Free phone calls with VoipDiscount. Call your online friends for free as well as a special selection of popular international destinations.
• IVR Platforms / IVR Hosting / IVR Development Get to market quickly with our A to Z VoIP platforms and services Our IVR and VOIP hosting, turnkey platforms, and developer services - powered by
• VoIP Watch All about Voice Over IP and Internet Based Telephony.
• The VoIP Weblog Today's New York Times has an interesting story on the impact VoIP services have had on the traditional phone companies. Basically, VoIP services like

National Alliance is the name taken by a number of political parties around the world.

• Anguilla - Anguilla National Alliance
• Australia - National Alliance (Australia) (WA)
• Bulgaria - Bulgarian National Alliance
• Fiji - National Alliance Party of Fiji
• Italy - National Alliance (Italy)
• Kenya - National Alliance Party of Kenya
• Netherlands - National Alliance (Netherlands)
• Pakistan - National Alliance (Pakistan)
• Papua New Guinea - National Alliance Party
• Peru - National Alliance (Peru)
• Portugal - National Alliance (Portugal)
  
• Saint Lucia - National Alliance (Saint Lucia)
• Saint Martin - National Alliance (Sint Maarten)
• San Marino - San Marinese National Alliance
• Spain - National Alliance July 18
• Sweden - National Alliance (Sweden)
• Syria - National Alliance (Syria)
• United Kingdom - Nationalist Alliance
• United States - National Alliance (United States)
• Uruguay - National Alliance (Uruguay)

Links

• VoIP Protocols and Standards - DVB | H.225 | H.225 Annex G | H.235 VoIP is increasing in importance. We've collected various resources of interest to professionals involved with implementing standards or testing Voice over
• Why Voip – Learn about Voip Learn all about Voip and how it works, its history and is it right for your needs…
• Voice over IP - Whirlpool Broadband Forums READ THIS: VoIP Providers / Hardware Manufacturers [closed], 0, 6102, Corey .. QoS and voip, not working too well « borked, This thread was DELETED
• Government Computer News (GCN) VOIP home — federal, state and Industry Insights. Product/Services Finder · Custom Supplements · CA Microsite · Juniper Networks · Dell Library · GCN Home > VOIP
• Home - Engin Australia's leading broadband phone company. Engin allows broadband users to make VoIP calls and save.
• VOIP: For Home And Business Use VOIP is a new communications technology that allows local calls from any location, find out how it can be useful for you.

Interlochen State Park is a state park in Michigan. It is the State of Michigan’s first officially recognized state park. Situated between to fresh water lakes, the state park is a popular camping destination.

It is located next to the Interlochen Arts Academy

Links

• VoIP Protocols Protocols for WAN, LAN, ATM data communications and telecommunications.
• Voz sobre IP - Wikipédia Voz sobre IP, também chamado VoIP, telefonia IP, telefonia Internet, telefonia em banda larga e . O suporte de envio de fax sobre VoIP ainda é limitado.
• What is Internet telephony? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Internet telephony products are sometimes called IP telephony, Voice over the Internet (VOI) or Voice over IP (VOIP) products.
• VoIP Forum VoIP Forum discussed hot VoIP topics, interesting VoIP news including Skype Vonage.

PhoneGaim is a free software VoIP system based on the Pidgin instant messaging software and the SIP protocol, using (only) the SIPphone service. It is available under the GNU General Public License and sponsored by Linspire.

Some controversy exists over the perceived difficulty faced by non-Linspire users who wish to install PhoneGaim on their Linux system.

Linspire has released another multiplatform proprietary SIP client called Gizmo Project to more directly compete with Skype.

See also

• Comparison of VoIP software

External links

• Official website and Linspire packages
• Debian packages (no longer there?)
• Windows beta executable

Links

• What is VoIP? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer This page describes the term VoIP and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information.
• VoIP Australia - VoIP products - NetComm Limited Scott McGregor walks you through the basics of VoIP in this short movie that shows you how simple it is to start saving on your phone bills.
• Why Voip – Learn about Voip Learn all about Voip and how it works, its history and is it right for your needs…
• Cheap Calls using VoIP with Vonage UK - Broadband Phone Provider Vonage is a leading VoIP provider for consumers and business in the UK. We offer Broadband Phones services for making cheap local and international calls.
• VoIP Providers - VoIP Services - Broadband Phone Solutions Compare and Review VoIP Providers. VoIP Service Provider Search - Broadband Phone Solution - Internet Phone Provider - Digital Phone Service.

Queen of the Broken Hearts was a song released on the Canadian rock band Loverboy’s album titled Keep it Up in 1983. The band released as a single later that year, and it reached #34 on the charts. Despite being remembered as one of the band’s better hits, the song was not included on the main two compilation albums released by the band; Loverboy Classics and Big Ones.

Links

• VoIP Service Provider with its free internet phone,fax and instant Vbuzzer turns your computer into the new generation telephone. You can call land line and mobile phones numbers and receive incoming calls to your computer
• iTWire - Dynamics Technology news, views and jobs, Optus offers VoIP for small business, Engin aims for triple play with TiVo and Optus ADSL2+, Skype's buggy Mac softphone:
• The VoIP Weblog - Main page - Your idea of Voice over IP - voip FCC Says VoIP Carriers Must Offer Local Number Portability Title: FCC Says VoIP Carriers Must Offer Local Number Portability
• Technology News: VoIP Joining the line of telecom companies suing Vonage, AT&T on Wednesday filed a lawsuit against the VoIP provider in the U.S. District Court in Madison, Wis.,
• VoipCheap | Free Calls from the UK Discount VoIP Calls from all over the world. Sign up for free and join the VoIP revolution!
• VoIP Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb VoIP - (Voice Over IP) A digital telephone service that uses the public Internet as well as private backbones instead of the traditional telephone network.

The term “need to know”, when used by government and other organizations (particularly those related to the military or espionage), describes the restriction of data which is considered very sensitive.

Under need-to-know restrictions, even if one has all the necessary official approvals (such as a security clearance) to access certain information, one would not be given access to such information unless one has a specific need to know; that is, access to the information must be necessary for the conduct of one’s official duties.

As with most security mechanisms, the aim is to make it difficult for unauthorised access to occur, without inconveniencing legitimate access. The principle also aims to discourage “browsing” of sensitive material by limiting access to the smallest possible number of people.

The Battle of Normandy in 1944 is an example of a need-to-know restriction. Though thousands of military personnel were involved in planning the invasion, only a small number of them knew the entire scope of the operation; the rest were only informed of data needed to complete a small part of the plan.

Problems and criticism

It has been alleged that need-to-know (like other security measures) can be misused by some personnel who wish to refuse others access to information they hold in an attempt to increase their personal power, or to prevent unwelcome review of their work.

The need to know principle is at odds with most purposes of intelligence and research. While one part of an institution may have knowledge of some data, the rest of this institution as well as other institutions remain ignorant. Since experience shows that data shows its most valuable information only when freely connected, the need to know is in fact putting a limit on information that intelligence agencies can gather (even if there are no limits to the amount of data).

In computer technology

The discretionary access control mechanisms of some operating systems can be used to enforce need to know. In this case, the owner of a file determines whether another person should have access. Need to know is often concurrently applied with mandatory access control schemes, in which the lack of an official approval (such as a clearance) may absolutely prohibit a person from accessing the information. This is because need to know can be a subjective assessment. Mandatory access control schemes can also audit accesses, in order to determine if need to know has been violated.

See also

• Principle of least privilege
• Security through obscurity

Links

• VoIP VoIP, VoIP application developer AudioCodes produce VoIP phone, voice over DSL, and voice over ATM packet processors. IP telephony leaders, Audiocodes
• Voice-Over-Internet Protocol An overview of VoIP from the Federal Communications Commission. With news, FAQs, factsheets, and findings.
• Popular pages tagged with "voip" on del.icio.us Popular items tagged voip (create tag description) → view all Telephony: Get Free VoIP In-Calling Anywhere with GrandCentral and Gizmo Project
• iTWire - Dynamics Technology news, views and jobs, Optus offers VoIP for small business, Engin aims for triple play with TiVo and Optus ADSL2+, Skype's buggy Mac softphone:

The Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon is a Marine Corps military award was established by order of Secretary of the Navy John Howard Dalton on July 15, 1997. The award recognizes those Marine Corps personnel who have served as U.S. Embassy Security Guards and is retroactive to January 28, 1949.

To be awarded the Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon, a service member must hold the Marine Corps military occupational specialty (MOS) 8151 Marine Corps Security Guard and must have served twenty-four months of service at an American Embassy or Consulate. The award is only awarded to Marine Security Guards for their service at American Embassies or Consulates in a foreign country.

Additional awards of the Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon are denoted by service stars except for those awards which are retroactively presented, in which case the Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon is a one time only decoration.

External link

• Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon criteria

Links

• Voice over IP (VoIP) Articles & Tutorials How to configure and secure a VoIP network in an Enterprise environment.
• Voip - Free Calls - Everything Voip 1-800-TRY-VOIP; Voip.com offers Residential and Business consumers the most comprehensive calling solutions on the market. E911, Make a Call, Voicemail,
• Tech news blog - VoIP - CNET News.com Technology, trends, and more from the CNET News.com Technology news blog.