The Deutsche Bundespost (German federal post office) was created in 1947 as a successor to the Reichspost (German imperial post office). Between 1947 and 1950 the enterprise was called Deutsche Post (German post office). Until 1989 the Deutsche Bundespost was a national company.
The Bundespost was developed according to a three-stage principle common in public administration in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). The upper stage consisted of the federal ministry for the post office and telecommunication system. The middle stage consisted of regional directorates and national post office management in West Berlin, with certain central bureaucracies (post office technical central office, telecommunication engineering central office, postal administration social office, and post offices) on an equal footing. Finally, the lower stage consisted of the actual post offices, postal giro (akin to a checking account)and savings bank offices, and telecommunication offices.
The legal basis for the administrative activity of the Bundespost was the postal administration law (Postverwaltungsgesetz, abbreviated PostVwG). A central goal of public administrative policy after 1924 was financial self-sufficiency. Political goals, however, often superseded this goal. According to the PostVwG, the federal postal system was to be administered “according to the principles of the policy of the FRG, in particular trade, economic, financial and social policies” and “the interests of the German national economy.”
The Deutsche Bundespost was the largest employer in the Federal Republic. In 1985 it employed 543,200 people.
In the first post office reform (July 1, 1989), the Bundespost was divided into three divisions (also called public enterprises):
- Deutsche Bundespost Postdienst - postal service
- Deutsche Bundespost Telekom - communications service
- Deutsche Bundespost Postbank - postal bank
The central authorities remained as described above. The divisions were later privatized in the second post office reform (January 1, 1995), resulting in the creation of the following:
- Deutsche Post AG from the postal service
- Deutsche Telekom AG from the communications service
- Deutsche Postbank AG from the postal bank
The federal ministry for post office and telecommunications (Bundesministerium für Post und Telekommunikation) retained oversight responsibility for postal services and telecommunications. After the dissolution of that ministry on 1 January 1998, those tasks were taken over by a new federal network regulatory agency (Bundesnetzagentur, formerly “RegTP”)under the federal ministry for economics and technology. Other functions (such as the issuance of postage stamps) were taken over by the federal ministry of finance. Some telecommunications functions (including BOS radio) were turned over to the federal ministry of the interior.
For certain official and legal purposes (including certain financial, medical and other services for former postal civil servants), a “federal institution for posts and telecommunications” (Bundesanstalt für Post und Telekommunikation) was created.
Links
Wednesday, February 27th, 2008
A public road is a road that is open to common use by the general population.
In the United States, the majority of paved roads are public, and traffic laws apply to them, for instance:
- speed limits
- drunk driving laws
- depending on the state, bicycles and pedestrians cannot be banned unless the road is limited access
Public roads can be set aside in several ways:
- common law, due to being used by the public for a certain amount of time with no obstruction
- dedication by plat
- easement or deed to the applicable jurisdiction
See also
Links
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Wednesday, February 27th, 2008
The Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) is a compilation of information and best practices for international Information Security professionals, comprising 10 security domains:
- Access Control
- Application Security
- Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning
- Cryptography
- Information Security and Risk Management
- Legal, Regulations, Compliance and Investigations
- Operations Security
- Physical (Environmental) Security
- Security Architecture and Design
- Telecommunications and Network Security
The CBK is developed and maintained by the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC)2, and is the official basis of CISSP certification tests.
Links
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Tuesday, February 26th, 2008
Peter Wilt (born in McHenry, Illinois), is a soccer executive who was the first President and General Manager of the Chicago Fire in Major League Soccer, and is currently part of the effort to bring an expansion MLS franchise to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Wilt is most known for his work with the Chicago Fire, where he gained a reputation for being a fan-friendly businessman in the soccer world.
Wilt regularly answered questions from fans through the BigSoccer Internet message boards.
In 2005, Wilt left the Fire after Anschutz Entertainment Group, the team’s owner, replaced him with John Guppy. In 2006, he became the chief executive officer of Milwaukee Professional Soccer, a group bidding to bring an MLS franchise to Milwaukee.
References
External links
- October 2004 Interview
- “Chicagoist” news story about Wilt’s dismissal as General Manager
- Milwaukee Pro Soccer profile
Links
- ??IP????(???VoIP??)-VoIP|???????|VoIP??|VoIP ??IP????(???VoIP??)-www.microvoip.com???IP??????? ???????????VoIP????????????VoIP???????????VoIP??
- VoIP Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb VoIP - (Voice Over IP) A digital telephone service that uses the public Internet as well as private backbones instead of the traditional telephone network.
- VoIP Service Provider with its free internet phone,fax and instant Vbuzzer turns your computer into the new generation telephone. You can call land line and mobile phones numbers and receive incoming calls to your computer
- iTWire - Dynamics Technology news, views and jobs, Optus offers VoIP for small business, Engin aims for triple play with TiVo and Optus ADSL2+, Skype's buggy Mac softphone:
- VoIP Lowdown | Business VoIP PBX News Matt Hodkinson presents The iPhone and VoIP; Revolution or Pricey Gimmick? posted at The VOIP Provider Guide. For the most part, the technology of the
- Voice over IP - Whirlpool Broadband Forums READ THIS: VoIP Providers / Hardware Manufacturers [closed], 0, 6102, Corey .. QoS and voip, not working too well
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Tuesday, February 26th, 2008
VocalTec Communications Inc. (NASDAQ:VOCL), is an Israeli telecom equipment provider. The company was founded in 1989 by Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty, who invented and patented the first Voice over IP audio transceiver. VocalTec continues to be a leading VoIP company, with major customers such as Deutsche Telekom and Telecom Italia.
VocalTec released the first ever Internet VoIP program in February 1995. The company went public during 1996, and in 2005, completed a business combination with Tdsoft, a provider of VoIP gateways.
Today VocalTec specializes in providing carrier-class multimedia and voice-over-IP solutions for communication service providers. The company offers a wide portfolio of solutions enabling the flexible deployment of VoIP next generation networks.
References
Links
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Tuesday, February 26th, 2008
A dispersion-limited operation is an operation of a communications link in which signal waveform degradation attributable to the dispersive effects of the communications medium is the dominant mechanism that limits link performance. The dispersion is the filter-like effect that a link has on the signal, due to the different propagation speeds of the eigenmodes of the link. Practically, this means that the waveform at the input will be different from the waveform at the output of the link.
Note that the amount of allowable degradation is dependent on the quality of the receiver. Note also that in fiber optic communications, dispersion-limited operation is often confused with distortion-limited operation.
References
- Federal Standard 1037C
- MIL-STD-188
Links
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Tuesday, February 26th, 2008
The Internet has a large and growing number of users that have created a distinct culture, Internet Dynamics. For examples see Netiquette, Internet friendship, Internet romance, Trolls and trolling, Flaming, Cybering, Hacktivism, Internet humor, Internet slang, Internet art, PSTN.
In the academic world, Sherry Turkle and David Gelernter are just two of the many researchers who investigate the effects of the Internet on individuals.
Links
- The VoIP Weblog Today's New York Times has an interesting story on the impact VoIP services have had on the traditional phone companies. Basically, VoIP services like
- I-voip Skype Phones, USB Phones, Skype Phone, Skype Headset, IP Phones, VoIP Routers, Fritzbox, Wifi Phones, VoIP handsets, Cordless Dualphones, VoIP service
- VoIP Industry News | Telephony Online Telephony Magazine
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Tuesday, February 26th, 2008
Great Masterwort (Astrantia major) is a plant of the family Apiaceae. A native of Europe and western Asia, it was introduced into the British Isles and is well established in various localities. Its types include “Ruby Cloud”, “Rubra”, “Snow Star”, “Sunningdale Variegated”, “Lars” and “Rosea”.
Links
- Locating Info On The Net For Voip Info on a few of the sites for voip now available on the internet, and how to find out more.
- VoIP Over the years China VoIP Conference has addressed the evolution of the telecom business from PSTN to IP. Today, the telecom business is in the process of
- Voice over IP - Whirlpool Broadband Forums READ THIS: VoIP Providers / Hardware Manufacturers [closed], 0, 6102, Corey .. QoS and voip, not working too well
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Tuesday, February 26th, 2008
Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird for the proverb “The early bird catches the worm”) was the first (commercial) communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit, on April 6, 1965. It was built by the Space and Communications Group of Hughes Aircraft Company (later Hughes Space and Communications Company, and now Boeing Satellite Systems) for COMSAT, which activated it on June 28. It was based on the satellite that Hughes had built for NASA to demonstrate that communications via synchronous-orbit satellite were feasible.
Originally slated to operate for eighteen months, Early Bird was in active service for four years, being deactivated in January 1969, although it was briefly activated in June of that year to serve the Apollo 11 flight when the Atlantic Intelsat satellite failed. It was deactivated again in August 1969 and has been inactive since that time (except for a brief reactivation in 1990 to commemorate its 25th launch anniversary), although it remains in orbit.
The Early Bird satellite was the first to provide direct and nearly instantaneous contact between Europe and North America, handling television, telephone, and telefacsimile transmissions. It was fairly small, measuring nearly 2.5 × 2.0 feet (76×61 cm) and weighing 76 pounds (34.5 kg).
Early Bird was one of the satellites used in the then record-breaking broadcast of Our World.
See also
- Syncom, the first geosynchronous and geostationary satellites
References
External links
Links
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
This is a partial list of private Security solution providers
Canada
Intercon Security
Denmark
Singapore
Asia Risk Solutions (BARS) - maritime sector
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
- Wackenhut
- Inter-Con Security Systems, Inc.
- Blackwater USA
- Command Security
- Triple Canopy
- Dyncorp aka Dynacorp
- Universal Security
- MVM, Inc.
- Pathfinder Security Services
Links
- Understanding VOIP If you are new to VOIP, here is a description of how this new technology works.
- Inside IT: Trouble on the line | Technology | The Guardian VoIP customers around the world are discovering that their calls cannot be connected because telecom companies are blocking the movement of such traffic
- AT&T: VoIP VoIP from AT&T converts your voice into data and uses your high speed Internet connection to send and receive calls. Connect your home or business with VoIP
- VoIP Forum VoIP Forum discussed hot VoIP topics, interesting VoIP news including Skype Vonage.
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
Vino may mean:
- the word for wine in the Italian, Spanish and many Slavic languages.
- Mondovino, a 2004 documentary film
- the nickname of professional cyclist, Alexander Vinokourov
- Vino (cipher), an encryption algorithm
- Vino (software), a remote administration tool of the GNOME desktop environment
- In Tamil language the word “vino” means cheer or happiness.
- NPC from pc game Gothic 2
Links
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
Tertiary education, also referred to as third-stage, third level education, or higher education, is the educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education (sometimes known collectively as tertiary institutions).
Tertiary education generally culminates in the receipt of certificates, diplomas,or academic degrees.
See also
- Education by country
- List of colleges and universities by country
Links
- Tech news blog - VoIP - CNET News.com Technology, trends, and more from the CNET News.com Technology news blog.
- iTWire - Dynamics Technology news, views and jobs, Optus offers VoIP for small business, Engin aims for triple play with TiVo and Optus ADSL2+, Skype's buggy Mac softphone:
- VoIP - ZDNet Asia toolkit Voice over IP (VoIP) technology is gaining traction in the corporate arena, as more organizations look for ways to keep communications costs down.
- VoIP Service - Voip Service Providers, Voip Phone, Internet Telephony VoIP Service - iCallglobe offers best Voip Services including Call Termination Service, voip phone service, internet telephony and voip telephony solutions.
- Free VoIP Softphone for Windows, Pocket PC or Mac Download Download this free VoIP softphone for Windows, Pocket PC or Mac to make phone calls from your computer for free. Supports call recording, call conferencing
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
SY Telecom (hangul:에스와이 텔레콤) is a Hands free and earphone manufacturer. It is headquartered in Incheon, Korea.
Products
- Made to Hands Free, Mobile phone Charger, FM Transmitter, Fixed Terminal Phone and Ear phone.
Homepage
- SY Telecom Hpmepage (in Korean)
Links
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterjugend (Socialist German Workers Youth) is a political youth organization in Germany. It is a marxist organization and related to Deutsche Kommunistische Partei (German Communist Party).
SDAJ is a member of World Federation of Democratic Youth.
External links
- Web site o SDAJ
- Web site of World Federation of Democratic Youth
Links
Monday, February 25th, 2008
A practice-based research network (PBRN) is a group of health care providers or medical clinics that are typically practicing in non-university based community environments that are networked for the purpose of examining and evauluating the health care processes that occur in real world practices. PBRNs are characterized by an organizational framework that transcends a single practice or study. They provide a “laboratory” for studying populations of patients and care providers in community-based settings.
The majority of PBRNs are composed of primary care clinician such as family medicine, pediatrics, general internal medicine. There are 54 member PBRNs from the Federation of Practice-Based Research Networks, FPBRN which is the largest organization representing PBRNs.
FPBRN membership
Total Providers:10,912 Total Practices:3,593
Total Patients served:11,654,256
Percentage of providers per specialty group:
Total providers 10,912
Family Medicine Doctors 71.7%,
Pediatricians 8.2%,
Internal Medicine 8.3%,
OB/GYN 1%,
Other MD 2%,
Nurse Practitioners 6%,
Physician’s Assistants 2.4%,
Dentists 0.4%
Links
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
VoIP spam is an as-yet non-existent problem which has nonetheless received a great deal of attention from marketers and the trade press. Some pundits have taken to referring to it as SPIT (for “Spam over Internet Telephony”).
Voice over IP systems, like e-mail and other Internet applications, are susceptible to abuse by malicious parties who initiate unsolicited and unwanted communications. Telemarketers, prank callers, and other telephone system abusers are likely to target VoIP systems increasingly, particularly if VoIP tends to supplant conventional telephony.
The underlying technology driving this threat is SIP (Session Initiation Protocol, IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3261). This technology has received significant support from most major telecommunication vendors, and is showing signs of becoming the industry standard for voice, video and other interactive forms of communication such as instant messaging and gaming.
Similar rules to today’s email systems that block unsolicited email will also prevent unsolicited voice and video communication. This can also be compared to the way today’s chat applications prevent unwanted users from viewing your availability or state of presence by using “privacy” options.
SIP as the technology has been designed to support presence natively. This potentially means that incoming callers will know your availability before even attempting to call or make contact with you. So just like with e-mail today the benefits of communicating with trusted parties electronically far exceeds the pitfalls of e-mail spam, particularly when using preventative technologies to minimise the impact of the issue.
Resources
Hansen, Markus; Hansen, Marit; Moeller, Jan; Rohwer, Thomas; Tolkmit, Carsten, Waack, Henning: “Developing a Legally Compliant Reachability Management System as a Countermeasure against SPIT”, Third Annual VoIP Security Workshop, Berlin, June 2006.
Links
Monday, February 25th, 2008
MoneySense is a Canadian financial magazine owned by Rogers Communications.
External links
Links
- VoIP for Business 2007 - Welcome to the essential business Welcome to the essential business communications experience! VoIP'08 will take place at The National Hall, Olympia, London, 9-10 April 2008.
- MAKE: Blog: VoIP Archives Here's voice recognition and speech synthesis for playing Infocom games (like Zork) over the phone, this might be the coolest VoIP project ever - [via]
- UK VoIP Provider VoIP UK Provider. Get a FREE VoIPtalk account and start making free calls with your VoIP Phone now! Free VoIP Service. Pay monthly Packages
- VOIP: For Home And Business Use VOIP is a new communications technology that allows local calls from any location, find out how it can be useful for you.
- My VoIP Provider - VoIP Services - My VoIP Provider - Compare, review and rank 175 Broadband Phone and PC to Phone VoIP services (Voice over IP). Free VoIP rate search engine and VoIP
- VoIP | Overview Making phone calls over the Internet could save you
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Monday, February 25th, 2008
BT Fusion is a telecommunications product available from BT in the United Kingdom. It “fuses” together mobile telephony and, from the user’s point of view, conventional landline telephony. In fact, the fixed portion of the link is provided by a Voice over IP implementation using the domestic ADSL service. The BT Fusion service is compatible with the BT Home Hub.
The premise of the service is that it can reduce mobile phone costs by not using the mobile network when the user is at home. The same phone is used (currently a modified version of the Motorola RAZR V3 is offered), but if the phone is within range of a special base station installed in the user’s home then incoming and outgoing calls will be routed through that base station instead of the mobile network. This link between the phone and base station is carried over Bluetooth. (BT Fusion is now available using Wifi technology, thus allowing discounts not only at home but over BT Openzone Wifi hotspots)
From the base station, at-home calls are connected to the phone network using an ADSL broadband connection; only those with BT Broadband connections are eligible for the service. Voice over IP protocols are used to transmit the call, but this is intended to remain largely unnoticed from the user’s point of view. In particular, the charges for calls made over the “home” part of a BT Fusion system are essentially the same as landline call charges.
Some commentators have criticised the service as expensive and a “solution in search of a problem”. In particular, they have pointed to free or cheaper-than-landline IP phone systems like Skype. The appeal of BT Fusion, however, is likely to be in its simplicity of operation, something often overlooked by technically-minded reviewers.
External links
- BT site
- “BT ‘BluePhone’ Fusion is better than Skype because…?”, The Register, 15th June 2005
Links
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